One major factor affecting the aerodynamics is ground effect. There are two approaches to capture this effect.
One approach is to incorporate distance from the ground as a variable
in the polynomials. For example, let
be some nondimensional
parameter representing the distance from the ground. This parameter
might be defined as
,
where b is the wingspan and h is
the distance from the wing root chord to the ground. (The reason that
h is in the denominator is so
can go to zero far from the
ground.)
Then, to capture ground effects, there could be terms such as
and
.
The latter term introduces
something that is not seen outside of ground effect. Typically, the
aerodynamic force and moment depends only on wind-relative speed;
however, in ground effect the force depends on orientation as well,
hence the Euler angle
.
(To be more exact, it depends on
orientation relative to the ground. Thus, the Euler angle
could not be used to simulate landing on surface that is not level.)
The other approach to ground effect is to use corrections. Reference 7 (pages 359-360) lists empirical corrections to lift and drag in ground effect. These corrections are not as accurate as incorporating ground distance into the polynomials; however, they are useful for basic, hand-calculated models.